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In October 1942, a panzer officer wrote ‘Stalingrad is no longer a town... Animals flee this hell; the hardest stones cannot bear it for long; only men endure’.

The battle for Stalingrad became the focus of Hitler and Stalin's determination to win the gruesome, vicious war on the eastern front. The citizens of Stalingrad endured unimaginable hardship; the battle, with fierce hand-to-hand fighting in each room of each building, was brutally destructive to both armies. But the eventual victory of the Red Army, and the failure of Hitler's Operation Barbarossa, was the first defeat of Hitler's territorial ambitions in Europe, and the start of his decline. An extraordinary story of tactical genius, civilian bravery, obsession, carnage and the nature of war itself, Stalingrad will act as a testament to the vital role of the soviet war effort.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

LIST OF MAPS

PREFACE

PART ONE

‘THE WORLD WILL HOLD ITS BREATH!’

1 The Double-Edged Sword of Barbarossa

2 ‘Nothing is Impossible for the German Soldier!’

3 ‘Smash in the Door and the Whole Rotten Structure Will Come Crashing Down!’

4 Hitler’s Hubris: The Delayed Battle for Moscow

PART TWO

BARBAROSSA RELAUNCHED

5 General Paulus’s First Battle

6 ‘How Much Land Does a Man Need?’

7 ‘Not One Step Backwards’

8 ‘The Volga is Reached!’

PART THREE

‘THE FATEFUL CITY’

9 ‘Time is Blood’: The September Battles

10 Rattenkrieg

11 Traitors and Allies

12 Fortresses of Rubble and Iron

13 Ρaulus’s Final Assault

14 ‘All For the Front!’

PART FOUR

ZHUKOY’S TRAP

15 Operation Uranus

16 Hitler’s Obsession

17 ‘The Fortress Without a Roof’

18 ‘Der Manstein Kommt!’

19 Christmas in the German Way

PART FIVE

THE SUBJUGATION OF THE SIXTH ARMY

20 The Air-Bridge

21 ‘Surrender Out of the Question’

22 ‘A German Field Marshal Does Not Commit Suicide with a Pair of Nail Scissors!’

23 ‘Stop Dancing! Stalingrad Has Fallen’

24 The City of the Dead

25 The Sword of Stalingra

APPENDIX A:

German and Soviet Orders of Battle, 19 November 1942

APPENDIX B:

The Statistical Debate: Sixth Army Strength in the Kessel

REFERENCES

SOURCE NOTES

SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY

INDEX

Antony Beevor was educated at Winchester and Sandhurst. A regular officer in the 11th Hussras, he served in Germany and England. He has published several novels, while his works of non-fiction include The Spanish Civil War; Crete: The Battle and the Resistance, which won the 1993 Runciman Award; and Berlin: The Downfall, 1945. With his wife, the writer Artemis Cooper, he wrote Paris After the Liberation: 1944-1949. Antony Beevor is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature and a Chevalier de l’Ordre des Arts et des Lettres in France. Most of his titles are published by Penguin.

Stalingrad was awarded the Samuel Johnson Proze for Non-fiction, the Wolfson History Prize and the Hawthornden Prize in 1999. It became a number-one bestseller both in hardback and paperback, the UK edition alone selling half a million copies, and has been published around the world in eighteen translations.

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一次偶然的机会，在我搭乘火车去伏尔加格勒(斯大林格勒的前身)的路上，与一位俄罗斯步兵团的陆军上校同一个卧铺车厢。起先，当我提及在斯大林格勒战役中那些临阵倒戈的红军战士们时，他拒绝相信那些红军战士们会穿上德国军服，并且为德军而战。最后，当我告诉他在德国档案馆中，第6集团军日需给养报告数字的时候，他才被我说服。而对于一个显然对斯大林采取高压政策整顿苏联红军憎恨的人来说，这位上校的反应引起了我的兴趣。“他们不再是俄罗斯人。”他平静地说。这样一句评语，几乎与55年前斯大林格勒前线指挥部在给莫斯科的谢尔巴乔夫的报道中委婉地称这些临阵倒戈的红军战士们为“以前是俄罗斯人的人们”如出一辙。时至今日，这场伟大的爱国主义战争对俄罗斯人的影响，仍旧让他们无法宽恕那些叛国的红军战士们。

根据在轰炸现场的一位同学所说，里希特霍芬的飞机对斯大林格勒采取了地毯式的轰炸方式，“目标不仅仅限于工厂，而是地面的每样东西”。大量炸弹从亨克尔飞机上晃悠悠地下落，然后猛烈地在地面爆炸，大地在这样的轰炸中不断地摇荡。所有对此城市被炸场景的描述，都让人无法想象任何没有躲进地窖的人能够存活下来。燃烧的炸弹不断地落在城市西南边缘的那些木制房子上，这些木制的房子立刻燃烧起来，在冒烟的灰烬中，只有用砖砌的烟囱仍旧倔强地站立着，从远处看来，好似超现实主义的墓地。靠近河岸的那些高大的白色公寓，那些高楼大厦，甚至在炮火袭击中仍旧屹立不倒，但是这些建筑物的楼板，大部分都已经从里面坍塌下去了。其他的许多建筑物则要么在轰炸中完全成了粉粒，要么完全燃烧了起来。母亲们托起死亡的婴儿，孩子们则哭喊着试图唤醒被炸死的母亲，无数的家庭被活活地埋葬在碎石瓦砾中。

　　一位德国飞行员的飞机被俄罗斯妇女们的防空炮弹击中，这位飞行员设法跳伞逃生，但是很不幸，张开的降落伞将他带入了一片火海中。那些看到这个场景的斯大林格勒的市民们，表现得异常高兴，他们甚至对上帝的公平合理感到心满意足。

[ 注：关于西班牙内战，这里还有一些鲜为人知的事情。在科特鲁班(Kotluban)南部的战争中，第35护卫队步兵师机枪连的指挥官——拉·帕森那利亚的儿子鲁本·瑞兹·伊巴露里——在战争中被杀死。而参加过斯大林格勒战役的四位苏联元帅——沃罗诺夫、马林诺夫斯基、罗科索夫斯基和罗季姆采夫，都曾经是苏联在西班牙派出的军事顾问，肩负着与第64集团军的指挥官舒米洛夫将军同样的职责。早在反对由佛朗哥指挥的包围马德里的非洲集团军群的战争中，沃罗诺夫就指挥北爱尔兰共和军支持者进行了奋勇抗击。 ] 。

罗斯托夫陷落之后，任何鼓励抵抗的方法都为俄国当局所默许。9月8日，斯大林格勒前线的军方报纸刊登出了这样一副照片——一个四肢被捆绑着的小女孩。“如果你心爱的女孩像她一样被法西斯分子捆绑着，你会有什么感受？”图片旁边的文字这样说明道，“他们首先会无耻的强奸她，然后把她扔到一辆坦克底下轧死。勇敢向前冲，把敌人杀死。保护自己所爱的姑娘免遭土匪的强暴是你的责任。”像这样的宣传资料——基本上是康斯坦丁·西蒙诺夫的诗歌《杀死他！》的重复——当然没有任何艺术可言，但是它却代表了那个时代俄国人的最真实的感受。阿列克塞·苏尔科夫的诗歌《我痛恨》，表达了同样的愤怒情绪。德国人对祖国母亲的亵渎只能用复仇的鲜血洗净。 [ 注：显然，1942年夏天有关“强暴”行为的宣传极大地影响了1944年底和1945年进入德国境内的苏联军队的行为，导致了他们大量的强奸行为。 ] 9月9日，第4装甲集团军的一支先遣队，在前进的途中偶然发现了大量《红星报》，其中有伊利娅·爱伦堡写给红军战士的一篇文章，文章的结尾写道：“不要数你已经度过了多少天，不要数你已经行走了多少里路，只需数清楚你杀掉了多少德国鬼子。杀死德国鬼子——这是母亲的祈祷。杀死德国鬼子——这是俄罗斯土地的呼号。不要动摇，不要放弃。勇敢向前冲！”

同样在这个师里，一名上尉试图劝说其他两名军官与他一起投降德军，但是其中一名军官“拒绝了他的劝说，并掏枪处决了这名叛徒”，只是没有一个人能说得清楚，这个事件是否掺杂了私人恩怨在里面。

纳粹德国空军也发现苏联第8空中集团军与自己对抗的飞机数量在激增，只不过，这些苏联飞行员仍旧对敌人心存恐惧，也往往被击落。“只要有一架梅塞斯密特－109飞机出现，”一名政委在报告中这样写道，“我军的飞机就会像旋转木马一样不停地在空中盘旋，每个人都拼命保护自己的尾巴。”

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作者简介

　　Antony Beevor began his career as a professional officer in the 11th Hussars. He is the author of several books, including Berlin, The Spanish Civil War, Crete and The Mystery of Olga Chekhova. With his wife, Artemis Cooper, he wrote Paris After the Liberation, but he is best known for his book Stalingrad, the international No 1 bestseller, and winner of the Samuel Johnson Prize, Wolfson Price and Hawthornden Prize. He lives in London and Kent.

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In October 1942, a panzer officer wrote Stalingrad is no longer a town... Animals flee this hell; the hardest stones cannot bear it for long; only men endure'.

The battle for Stalingrad became the focus of Hitler and Stalin's determination to win the gruesome, vicious war on the eastern front. The citizens of Stalingrad endured unimaginable hardship; the battle, with fierce hand-to-hand fighting in each room of each building, was brutally destructive to both armies. But the eventual victory of the Red Army, and the failure of Hitler's Operation Barbarossa, was the first defeat of Hitler's territorial ambitions in Europe, and the start of his decline. An extraordinary story of tactical genius, civilian bravery, obsession, carnage and the nature of war itself, Stalingrad will act as a testament to the vital role of the soviet war effort.